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New institutional economics (NIE) is an economic perspective that attempts to extend economics by focusing on the social and legal norms and rules (which are institutions) that underlie economic activity and with analysis beyond earlier institutional economics and neoclassical economics.〔Malcolm Rutherford (2001). "Institutional Economics: Then and Now," ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'', 15(3), pp. 185-90 (( 173-194 )). L. J. Alston, (2008). "new institutional economics," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. (Abstract. )〕 It can be seen as a broadening step to include aspects excluded in neoclassical economics. It rediscovers aspects of classical political economy. ==Overview== NIE has its roots in two articles by Ronald Coase, "The Nature of the Firm" (1937) and "The Problem of Social Cost" (1960). In the latter, the Coase Theorem (subsequently so termed) maintains that without transaction costs alternative property right assignments can equivalently internalize conflicts and externalities. Therefore, comparative institutional analysis arising from such assignments is required to make recommendations about efficient internalization of externalities 〔Rita Yi Man Li (2012). THE INTERNALISATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES AFFECTING DWELLINGS: A REVIEW OF COURT CASES IN HONG KONG," ''Economic Affairs, Volume 32, Issue 2, pages 81–87, June 2012'', ().〕 and institutional design, including Law and Economics. At present NIE analyses are built on a more complex set of methodological principles and criteria. They work within a modified Neoclassical framework in considering both efficiency and distribution issues, in contrast to "traditional," "old" or "original" institutional economics, which is critical of mainstream neoclassical economics.〔Warren Samuels (() 2008). "institutional economics" ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'' (Abstract. ) A scholarly journal particularly featuring traditional institutional economics is the ''(Journal of Economic Issues )''; see article-abstract (links ) to 2008. Scholarly journals particularly featuring the new institutional economics include the Journal of Law Economics and Organization, the Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, and the Journal of Law and Economics.〕 The term 'new institutional economics' was coined by Oliver Williamson in 1975.〔Oliver E. Williamson (1975). ''Markets and Hierarchies, Analysis and Antitrust Implications: A Study in the Economics of Internal Organization''.〕 Among the many aspects in current NIE analyses are these: organizational arrangements, property rights,〔Dean Lueck (2008). "property law, economics and," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. (Abstract. )〕 transaction costs,〔M. Klaes (2008). "transaction costs, history of," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. (Abstract. )〕 credible commitments, modes of governance, persuasive abilities, social norms, ideological values, decisive perceptions, gained control, enforcement mechanism, asset specificity, human assets, social capital, asymmetric information, strategic behavior, bounded rationality, opportunism, adverse selection, moral hazard, contractual safeguards, surrounding uncertainty, monitoring costs, incentives to collude, hierarchical structures, bargaining strength, etc. Major scholars associated with the subject include Armen Alchian, Harold Demsetz,〔Harold Demsetz (1967). "Toward a Theory of Property Rights," ''American Economic Review'', 57(2), pp. (347-359 ).〕〔Harold Demsetz (1969) "Information and Efficiency: Another Viewpoint," Journal of Law and Economics'', 12(1), pp. ().〕 Steven N. S. Cheung,〔Steven N. S. Cheung (1970). "The Structure of a Contract and the Theory of a Non-Exclusive Resource," ''Journal of Law and Economics'', 13(1), pp. (49 )-70.〕〔S. N. S. Cheung (1973). "The Fable of the Bees: An Economic Investigation," ''Journal of Law and Economics'', 16(1), pp. (11-33 ).〕 Avner Greif, Yoram Barzel, Claude Menard (economist) and four Nobel laureates — Ronald Coase,〔Ronald Coase (1998). "The New Institutional Economics," ''American Economic Review'', 88(2), pp. (72 )-74.〕〔R. H. Coase (1991). "The Institutional Structure of Production," Nobel Prize Lecture (PDF ), reprinted in 1992, ''American Economic Review'', 82(4), pp. (713 )-719.〕 Douglass North,〔Douglass C. North (1990). ''Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance'', Cambridge University Press.〕〔Douglass C. North (1995). "The New Institutional Economics and Third World Development," in ''The New Institutional Economics and Third World Development'', J. Harriss, J. Hunter, and C. M. Lewis, ed., pp. (17-26. )〕 Elinor Ostrom〔Elinor Ostrom (2005). "Doing Institutional Analysis: Digging Deeper than Markets and Hierarchies," ''Handbook of New Institutional Economics'', C. Ménard and M. Shirley, eds. ''Handbook of New Institutional Economics'', pp. (819 )(-848. ) Springer.〕 and Oliver Williamson.〔Oliver E. Williamson (2000). "The New Institutional Economics: Taking Stock, Looking Ahead," ''Journal of Economic Literature'', 38(3), pp. (595-613 ) (press +).〕 A convergence of such researchers resulted in founding the (International Society for New Institutional Economics ) in 1997. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「New institutional economics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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